Growth Promotants Reduce Beef’s Environmental Impact
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- Summary
Increasing the efficiency of beef production is one way to reduce environmental impact by decreasing the number of cattle required to produce a given amount of beef. Growth promotants (GP) play an important role in increasing the efficiency of beef production through increasing the conversion of the feed cattle eat into beef. While some types of growth promotants can be utilized earlier in an animal’s life, they are primarily utilized during the finishing phase, which is approximately the last 120 to 140 days before the animal is harvested. There are three commonly used types of FDA-approved GPs in beef production: growth implants, ionophores and β-adrenergic agonists (βAA). Beef production systems that use GP technologies are typically referred to as “conventional,” whereas production systems that never use any of the three technologies are usually referred to as “natural” beef production systems.
Growth implants are small capsules that are placed under the skin on the backside
of the animal’s ear. They release a small amount of either natural or synthetic hormones
through time and work in conjunction with the animal’s natural hormones to increase
growth. These implants typically consist of synthetic estrogen, testosterone or progesterone.
Ionophores are feed additives used to alter rumen bacterial fermentation, allowing
for improved feed efficiency and decreased methane (a greenhouse gas, or GHG) emissions.
Ionophores can be utilized in any phase of the beef animal’s life cycle (e.g., when
they are raised on grass or in the feedlot during finishing), and can often be found
in protein or energy supplements provided to beef cows while grazing low-quality grasses.
Finally, βAA’s are also a feed additive, but are restricted to the final 20 to 40
days of finishing, with a three day withdrawal period before harvesting. β-adrenergic
agonists increase lean muscle mass, while decreasing fat deposition. This means that
for every pound of body weight an animal fed βAA gains, a higher proportion of the
body weight gain will be protein, compared to a similar animal not fed βAA1. Each GP works individually to improve feed efficiency, but combining the three GPs
can dramatically improve production efficiency, especially during the finishing phase
and can decrease GHG emissions per pound of body weight gain by 28 percent when compared
to beef production systems not using GP2.
While ionophores can directly reduce methane emissions produced by individual beef
cattle, in general, GP reduce both GHG emissions produced and natural resources required
per unit of beef (Figure 1) by decreasing the length of time required for an individual
animal to reach harvest and the number of animals required to produce a given amount
of beef2,3. For example, research has shown that in beef production systems using GP technologies,
each animal will produce enough beef to feed approximately 1.66 more U.S. citizens,
compared to animals in beef production systems not using those technologies (Figure
2).4 Research utilizing both live animals1,2,4 and computer models3,5 has consistently shown a decrease in the environmental impact of beef production
with the use of GP technologies. Some consumers prefer to not purchase beef produced
in systems that use GP technologies (i.e., “natural” beef), which is a valid food
choice; however, there are negative environmental sustainability consequences for
not using GP technologies in U.S. beef production.
Figure 1. Increase in environmental impacts per unit of beef if no growth promoting technologies
were used in U.S. beef production systems3. Courtesy of openclipart.org.
Figure 2. U.S. citizens fed per beef animal for one year for beef production systems not using
growth promoting technology (black) as compared to beef systems using growth promoting
technology (black plus orange)4. Courtesy of openclipart.org
Summary
Growth-promoting technologies can reduce the environmental impact of beef production by decreasing the number of cattle required to produce a given amount of beef. Additionally, growth-promoting technologies allow farmers and ranchers to feed more U.S. citizens with each beef animal raised under their care.
Literature Cited
- Stackhouse-Lawson, K.R., M.S. Calvo, S.E. Place, T.L. Armitage, Y. Pan, Y. Zhao, and F.M. Mitloehner. 2013. Growth promoting technologies reduce greenhouse gas, alcohol, and ammonia emissions from feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 91:5438-5447.
- Cooprider, K.L., F.M. Mitloehner, T.R. Famula, E. Kebreab, Y. Zhao, and A.L. Van Eenennaam. 2011. Feedlot efficiency implications on greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability. Journal of Animal Science 89:2643-2656.
- Capper, J.L. and D.J. Hayes. 2012. The environmental and economic impact of removing
growth-enhancing technologies from U.S. beef production. Journal of Animal Science
90:3527-3537.
Maxwell, C.L., C.R. Krehbiel, B.K. Wilson, B.T. Johnson, B.C. Bernhard, C.F.O’Neill, D.L. - VanOverbeke, G.G. Mafi, D.L. Step, and C.J. Richards. Effects of beef production system on animal performance and carcass characteristics. 2014. Journal of Animal Science 92:5727-5738.
- Battagliese, T., J. Andrade, I. Schulze, B. Uhlman, C. Barcan. 2013. More sustainable beef optimization project: Phase 1 final report. BASF Corporation. Florham Park, NJ.
Ashley Broocks
Graduate Student
Megan Rolf
Former Assistant Professor
Sara Place
Assistant Professor of Sustainable Beef Cattle Systems