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Nutritive Value of Feeds

Introduction

Animals require consumption of chemical elements and compounds to sustain bodily functions to support the reproductive process and for skeletal and tissue growth. The necessary chemical elements and compounds are referred to as nutrients and can be classified into six categories: water, carbohydrates, lipids or fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins. The objective of feed evaluation is to provide a rapid and economical method to determine the nutrients available (nutritional value) of a feed. For more than 100 years, the proximate analysis system has been used to describe the chemical composition of feeds. Components of proximate analysis are shown in Figure 1.

 

Nutritional value is determined by nutrient concentration and nutrient digestibility. Proximate analysis is one method used to determine nutrient concentration, although very little information about nutrient digestibility is gained. True nutrient digestibility information is determined using digestion trials, but it is not practical to test digestibility on all feeds. Therefore, previous digestibility information from similar feeds and previous relationships between digestibility and some nutrient concentration measures is commonly used to estimate digestibility. Table 1 contains average nutrient concentration values for numerous feeds that can be used in cattle diets. Values in the table represent averages from numerous different sources, such as the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine’s, Nutrient Requirements of Beef and Dairy Cattle publications, commercial laboratories, research trials and other publications.

 

Producers must recognize values published in any table are merely averages. Variation among grains, oilseeds, byproducts and, in particular, forages and roughages, can be extreme. Furthermore, various processing methods also may alter digestibility. For this reason, producers are advised to have their feeds and forages tested for nutrient composition by a feed testing laboratory. To improve quality control and standardization among commercial laboratories, the National Forage Testing Association (NFTA), found at foragetesting.org, provides a unique certification service. At this website, one also can view the NFTA’s recommendations for laboratory procedures and equations for use in predicting energy availability for different forage types.

 

The general feed nutrient components in the diet.

Figure 1. Nutrient components of feed determined from proximate analysis.

 

 

Wet chemistry procedures are more expensive, although they represent the standard for nutritive values. Many laboratories will offer both. One of the primary decisions to make is whether to use wet chemistry procedures and Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIRS) procedures to determine protein and energy values.

 

NIRS analyses are less expensive. Basically, random portions of a sample are loaded into an NIR sample holder and reflected light from the ground sample is measured in the infrared region (generally 1,100 nm to 2,500 nm). The NIRS instrument is part of a system calibrated by using representative samples from the population (forage type) to be tested. Prediction equations are selected based on calibration statistics. Consequently, it is important to know whether the laboratory is using equations developed with forage similar to that which you intend to have tested. For example, since alfalfa hay is common across the country, most laboratories use equations specifically designed to determine protein and energy content of alfalfa hay. However, grass and other legume species can vary widely in cell structure and chemical composition. Generally, NIRS is less costly because it predicts wet chemistry values by bouncing light through samples. With this type of analysis, the lab should have a list of types of feed samples they can analyze by this method. For instance, most labs can perform quality NIRS analysis on alfalfa samples. Consider having wet chemistry analysis completed on feeds that the laboratory has not calibrated for NIRS.

 

 

Dry Matter

Dry matter (DM) expresses the proportion of the feed that is not water. The moisture concentration is determined by weighing the feed sample soon after it has been collected. Next, the sample is placed in a drying oven until all of the water has evaporated. Finally, the dried sample is weighed again and the DM content is calculated by the difference. Other than physical characteristics of the feed, moisture content has little to no bearing on the availability of nutrients within that feed.

 

Dry matter is an extremely variable component among and within types of feeds. Fresh forages, silages and wet byproduct feeds are likely to vary the most in DM content. Some silages and byproduct feeds contain as little as 25% DM (75% moisture). A good rule of thumb is that dry feeds should contain no more than 12% moisture for safe long-term storage in bins.

 

 

Fiber

The original proximate analysis system separated carbohydrates into crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) fractions. The crude fiber portion of the feedstuff was intended to represent the indigestible fiber fraction, while NFE was supposed to represent the more readily digestible carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches. However, it was soon discovered this system had serious limitations, particularly for fibrous feeds like forages.

 

Because of the wide variation in chemical analyses for crude fiber and NFE, a new system called the detergent fiber system was developed, which better reflects true carbohydrate digestibility in ruminants (Figure 2). The neutral detergent solubles (NDS) fraction is comprised of cell contents that are nearly 100% digestible. The neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) fraction is primarily cell wall tissue, which consists of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The NDF fraction also contains small amounts of silica and fiber-bound or heat-damaged protein. The NDF fraction of feeds and forages is quite variable in digestibility. Using an acid solution, the NDF residue can be further separated into acid detergent solubles (ADS; primarily hemicellulose) and acid detergent insoluble fiber (Figure 3). The acid detergent insoluble fiber fraction contains cellulose and lignin. The lignin portion is nearly indigestible, whereas the cellulose portion is variable in digestibility.

 

With purchased feeds that come with a feed tag, crude fiber is the only fiber analysis required. Unfortunately, this provides little assistance in determining the nutrient value or digestibility of the feed. However, it may be possible for a feed representative to provide NDF and ADF values. NDF concentration is inversely related to the amount of the feed the cattle will eat. Because digestibility of fiber is proportional to the amount of lignin in the plant material, ADF is inversely related to the digestibility of feed ingredients. This relationship explains why some forages and feeds contain high NDF concentrations, but remain high in digestibility, while others may contain moderate or low NDF concentrations, yet are low in digestible energy.

 

The nutrient components and detergent fiber system.

Figure 2. The detergent fiber system.

 

Effective NDF

The physical effectiveness factor (pef) value shown in Table 1 is a measure of the feed particle size and an indication of its potential to stimulate chewing. NDF is effective in stimulating rumen motility or churning (Figure 4). The physical effectiveness factor ranges from 0 to 1.0. This factor is multiplied by the NDF concentration to determine the physically effective NDF content of the feed (peNDF). Long-stem grass hay has a pef of 1.0 and other feeds are rated relative to grass hay according to particle size. Most of the pef values provided in Table 1 are estimates based on particle size and nDF content.

 

For example, chopped alfalfa haylage has NDF of 42% (dry matter basis) and pef of 0.6. Therefore the peNDF value is 25.2%. From there, average diet peNDF is calculated and used to predict ruminal pH. Diets containing lower peNDF and lower ruminal pH require more intensive management due to increasing risk of acidosis, bloat and founder. Between 12% and 20% peNDF is recommended for growing cattle and for limit-fed diets (NASEM 2016). The layman term for eNDF is the scratch value of the feed. If the rumen stops churning, acidic gases build up causing the pH to drop. The result is bloat, acidosis and/or founder, as well as reduced diet digestibility. Table 1 expresses eNDF as a percentage of NDF. This value is determined by several factors including particle size, density, hydration and degree of lignification. To maintain optimal forage digestion, the diet should contain a minimum of 20% eNDF on a DM basis.

 

 

Protein

Protein values in Table 1 reflect CP, which is simply nitrogen concentration multiplied by 6.25. The rumen degradable intake protein (RDIP) column is an estimate of the proportion of the crude protein that is actually degradable in the rumen and is expressed as a percentage of CP. Rumen undegradable protein (percent of CP) can be calculated by subtracting the RDIP value from 100.

 

Distribution of fiber fractions under carbohydrates in the detergent fiber system.

Figure 3. Fiber fractions in the detergent fiber system.

 

Percentages of effective NDF in processes with rumen pH.

Figure 4. The relationship of effective NDF and rumen pH.

 

 

Feed Energy Values

Feed energy values are expressed on a DM basis as percent total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for gain (NEg) units (mega calories per 100 pounds of feed). TDN is determined by carrying out a digestion trial and summing the digestible protein and carbohydrates plus 2.25 times digestible ether extract. Ether extract (EE) is the fat or lipid portion of the feed. The net energy system is generally thought to be more precise in estimating the energy value of feeds, particularly roughages. The net energy of feed is the portion available to the animal for maintenance or various productive purposes. The portion used for maintenance (NEm) is used for muscular work, maintenance and repair of tissues, maintaining a stable body temperature and other body functions. Most of this digested energy will leave the animal’s body as heat. Energy used for productive purposes (NEg) may be recovered as growth through retaining energy in tissues. Energy for productive purposes is less efficient than energy used for maintenance. Milk production is unique because its energy efficiency is similar to maintenance uses.

 

 

Minerals

Minerals needed by animals in larger quantities are referred to as macro minerals. These minerals are shown in Table 1 and feed concentration is expressed on a percent of DM basis. Minerals needed by animals in much smaller quantities are referred to as micro minerals and feed concentration is expressed in parts per million (ppm) in Table 1. To convert ppm to percent, simply move the decimal place four places to the left. For example, if a feed contained 12 ppm copper, the copper concentration expressed as a percentage would be 0.0012%.

 

 

Conclusion

Producers need to ensure their animals’ diets include the proper balance of the six essential nutrients in a physical form that maintains digestive system health and function. To accomplish this, producers must have good knowledge of available feed nutrient composition, physical and digestive characteristics and the animal’s nutrient requirements.

 

Nutrient concentration and digestibility data can be determined by using digestion trials or measuring chemical composition and applying this information to estimate digestibility. It is imperative producers recognize the values published in any table are merely averages and variation among feed commodities, oilseeds and, in particular forages and roughages, can be extreme. For this reason, producers are advised to have their feeds and forages tested for nutrient composition by commercial laboratories.

 

 

References

2014 Feed Composition Guide. (2014) Beef. Retrieved from Beef Magazine

 

NRC. (2000) Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (7th Edition). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (8th Revised Edition), 2016.

 

 

 Table 1. Typical composition of feeds and forages. 

Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 1)
FEEDSTUFF DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Alfalfa hay, early bloom 88 20 80 63 66
Alfalfa hay, midbloom 88 18 80 60 60
Alfalfa hay, mature 88 14 75 52 47
Barley hay 91 10 59 54 28
Bermuda hay, vegetative 90 15 80 57 55
Bermuda hay, early bloom 90 10 72 53 49
Bermuda hay, full bloom 90 8 68 47 39
Bermuda hay, mature 88 6 70 49 42
Birdsfoot trefoil, hay 89 16 78 57 57
Bromegrass hay 89 10 80 55 55
Clover ladino hay 90 21 75 61 62
Clover red hay 88 15 72 55 55
Clover sweet hay 91 16 70 53 53
Corn stover  (stalk hay) 85 6 70 50 44
Corn, whole hay 88 7.5 61 70 0.74
Fescue hay, early bloom 87 15 72 59 59
Fescue hay, full bloom 88 9 68 50 52
Lespedeza hay 92 14 40 54 54
Meadow hay 90 7 77 50 50
Millet hay 92 11 75 53 45
Milo stalk hay 90 4 49 50
Milo-soybean hay 90 11 72 55 48
Oat hay 91 9 75 59 53
Oat straw 91 4 60 48 48
Orchardgrass hay 88 10 73 59 59
Old world bluestem hay, early bloom 90 10 58 59
Old world bluestem hay, mature 90 6 51 52 25
Peanut hay 91 11 57 54
Peavine hay 91 13 57 52
Prairie hay 91 6 63 52 50
Rice hay 93 7 70 55 48
Rice straw 91 4 100 40 42
Rye grass hay 90 10 70 58 58
Rye straw 89 4 100 44 44
Sorghum hay 91 10 55 47
Sorghum-sudan, hay 92 11 100 54 46
Soybean hay 92 15 100 60 57
Soybean straw/residue 88 5 100 42 43
Sudan hay, boot stage 91 9 70 58 54
Sudan hay, mature 91 5 52 52
Sugarcane hay 92 6 70 50 38
Sunfower hay 90 7 70 64 68
Timothy hay, early bloom 88 11 78 59 59
Timothy hay, full bloom 88 8 75 57 57
Triticale hay 91 11 80 59 53
Wheat hay, immature 87 12 75 58 70
Wheat hay, mature 88 9 75 48 56
Wheat straw 89 4 40 41 29
Wheat straw, ammoniated 85 9 75 50 50
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 2)

 

FEEDSTUFF NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Alfalfa hay, early bloom 38 45 0.7 34 3.0
Alfalfa hay, midbloom 34 46 0.8 34 2.6
Alfalfa hay, mature 22 47 0.9 36 1.3
Barley hay 58 98 0.8 35  
Bermuda hay, vegetative 29 69 0.7 37 2.3
Bermuda hay, early bloom 24 75 0.8 37 1.9
Bermuda hay, full bloom 15 79 0.9 36 1.8
Bermuda hay, mature 18 78 0.9 39 3.8
Birdsfoot trefoil, hay 25 50 0.8 38 2.2
Bromegrass hay 21 66 0.8 41 2.3
Clover ladino hay 31 36 0.7 32 2.0
Clover red hay 21 51 0.7 39 2.5
Clover sweet hay 18 50 0.8 38 2.4
Corn stover  (stalk hay) 19 67 1.0 39 1.3
Corn, whole hay 0.46 43 1.0 25 2.8
Fescue hay, early bloom 29 68 0.8 31  
Fescue hay, full bloom 16 73 0.9 42 3.5
Lespedeza hay 20 65 0.8 3.0
Meadow hay 12 70 0.8 44 2.5
Millet hay 20 63 0.8 40 1.7
Milo stalk hay 16 78 1.0  
Milo-soybean hay 23 58 0.9 35 1.5
Oat hay 28 59 0.8 38 2.3
Oat straw 9 73 1.0 48 2.3
Orchardgrass hay 28 67 0.8 40 3.3
Old world bluestem hay, early bloom 34 0.8 2.8
Old world bluestem hay, mature 0.8 2.4
Peanut hay 28 49 0.8 39 2.8
Peavine hay 27 47 0.9 35 2.1
Prairie hay 12 73 0.9 47 2.0
Rice hay 23 60 1.0 41 1.8
Rice straw 0 72 1.0 47 1.4
Rye grass hay 26 65 0.9 39 3.3
Rye straw 1 71 1.0 55 1.5
Sorghum hay 22 62 1.0 40 1.8
Sorghum-sudan, hay 21 64 1.0 40 1.8
Soybean hay 31 47 0.9 37 2.3
Soybean straw/residue 0 70 1.0 54 1.4
Sudan hay, boot stage 26 67 0.8 43 2.6
Sudan hay, mature 24 68 1.0 44 2.4
Sugarcane hay 16 66 1.0 43 1.9
Sunfower hay 41 55 1.0 43  
Timothy hay, early bloom 28 63 0.8 39 2.7
Timothy hay, full bloom 25 65 0.9 40 2.6
Triticale hay 27 59 0.8 38 2.1
Wheat hay, immature 40 66 0.8 38 2.2
Wheat hay, mature 31 58 0.9 42 2.1
Wheat straw 5 81 1.0 58 1.8
Wheat straw, ammoniated 12 76 0.9 55 1.5

 

Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 4)
Standing forage/Pasture/Green chop DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Alfalfa 24 19 82 61 62
Barley forage 38 14 62 60
Bermuda, vegetative 30 16 85 65 67
Bermuda, boot stage 35 13 75 60 59
Bermuda, fall, mature 80 8 60 48 41
Bermuda, winter, mature 90 5 55 44 34
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Nov.-Dec.
85 11 65 54 50
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Sep.-Oct.
35 13 70 57 55
Bermuda, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 90 7 60 47 39
Birdsfoot trefoil 22 21 80 66 68
Bluestem, mature 61 6 100 50 50
Brassica, immature 24 19 68 71
Brassica, mature 32 13 79 88
Bromegrass 30 15 88 64 65
Cheatgrass 21 16 100 68 70
Clover ladino 19 25 80 69 71
Clover red 24 18 79 64 65
Corn forage 37 8 72 75
Corn stalks 39 7 53 43
Fescue, vegetative 29 18 80 64 65
Fescue, boot stage 33 12 75 57 55
Fescue, mature 70 8 70 49 42
Fescue, stockpiled, Nov.-Dec. 40 13 75 52 47
Fescue, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 60 11 68 40 27
Fodder, oat 13 18 82 70 76
Fodder, wheat 24 18 82 83 92
Fodder, wheat, short germination 12 24 82 68 71
Legume pasture 56 27 68 72
Lespedeza 25 16 50 60 60
Millet forage 38 16 60 55
Native range, Jan.-March 85 4 55 49 42
Native range, April-June 30 14 75 70 74
Native range, July-Aug. 35 10 70 64 65
Native range, Sept.-Oct. 46 7 65 59 58
Native range, Nov.-Dec. 75 5 65 55 52
Oat forage 39 17 80 63 62
Orchardgrass 24 14 77 65 66
Peanut forage 26 20 61 60
Peavine forage 42 20 65 66
Pineapple forage 38 8 59 55
Rye forage 41 20 70 66 67
Sorghum forage 44 9 62 58
Sorghum stover 87 5 100 54 54
Sorghum-sudan forage 67 13 71 63 60
Soybean forage 74 19 62 60
Sudangrass, mature 36 12 72 58 52
Sudangrass, immature 18 17 100 70 73
Sunflower 18 13 66 70
Timothy 26 11 80 64 65
Triticale forage 34 15 85 63 61
Wheat forage 21 22 84 71 76
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 5)
Standing forage/Pasture/Green chop NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Alfalfa 31 46 0.41 34 3.0
Barley forage 34 54 33 3.3
Bermuda, vegetative 40 68 0.80 3.0
Bermuda, boot stage 33 72 1.0 2.7
Bermuda, fall, mature 16 77 1.0 2.1
Bermuda, winter, mature 10 80 1.5
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Nov.-Dec.
25 74 1.0 2.1
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Sep.-Oct.
29 70 1.0 2.5
Bermuda, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 15 77 1.0 1.5
Birdsfoot trefoil 38 47 0.8 31 4.4
Bluestem, mature 12   1.0   5.0
Brassica, immature 44 26 0.8 21 4.2
Brassica, mature 59 22 0.9 20 0.9
Bromegrass 36 54 0.8 33 4.1
Cheatgrass 41 68 0.9   2.7
Clover ladino 43 35 0.6 33 4.8
Clover red 36 44 0.6 33 4.0
Corn forage 48 42 0.9 24 2.9
Corn stalks 18 67 44 1.6
Fescue, vegetative 39 60 0.7 32 4.5
Fescue, boot stage 29 65 0.8 31 3.8
Fescue, mature 18 74 0.9 42 3.2
Fescue, stockpiled, Nov.-Dec. 22 72 0.8 36 2.7
Fescue, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 3 75 0.9 37 2.2
Fodder, oat 49 30 0.8 7 7.0
Fodder, wheat 62 31 0.8 6 7.0
Fodder, wheat, short germination 44 31 0.7 27 7.0
Legume pasture 44 33 0.7 24 3.7
Lespedeza 30 60 0.7 2.0
Millet forage 29 60 0.8 36 2.5
Native range, Jan.-March 18 80 1.0 1.7
Native range, April-June 47 68 1.0 3.2
Native range, July-Aug. 39 71 1.0 3.0
Native range, Sept.-Oct. 32 75 1.0 2.5
Native range, Nov.-Dec. 26 78 1.0 2.2
Oat forage 36 52 0.7 33 3.8
Orchardgrass 37 54 0.8 32 4.0
Peanut forage 34 50 0.7 36 0.0
Peavine forage 39 43 0.8 32 3.4
Pineapple forage 29 57 0.9 33 1.9
Rye forage 40 50 0.8 30 4.2
Sorghum forage 32 56 0.9 34 2.2
Sorghum stover 20 65 1.0 41 1.8
Sorghum-sudan forage 33 60 1.0 35 2.6
Soybean forage 34 44 0.8 32 3.8
Sudangrass, mature 27 62 1.0 38 2.7
Sudangrass, immature 44 55 0.8 29 3.9
Sunflower 43 40 0.9 29 6.3
Timothy 36 59 0.8 36 3.8
Triticale forage 35 55 0.8 33 2.9
Wheat forage 48 50 0.7 30 4.0
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 6)
Standing forage/Pasture/Green chop Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Alfalfa 1.35 0.27 0.29 18
Barley forage 0.44 0.34 0.19 8 36 40
Bermuda, vegetative 0.46 0.31 0.33 13 185 32 0.12
Bermuda, boot stage 0.59 0.28 0.30 12 160 36 0.12
Bermuda, fall, mature 0.26 0.18 0.21 9 140 20 0.05
Bermuda, winter, mature 0.30 0.15 0.15 7 45 15 0.05
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Nov.-Dec.
0.52 0.22 0.27 5 117 26 0.05
Bermuda, stockpiled,
Sep.-Oct.
0.66 0.24 0.26 6 151 27 0.05
Bermuda, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 0.48 0.18 0.25 4 116 26 0.05
Birdsfoot trefoil 1.78 0.25 0.25 31
Bluestem, mature 0.40 0.12 0.05 28
Brassica, immature 1.71 0.39 0.60 8 52 70
Brassica, mature 0.97 0.33 0.43 4 27 30
Bromegrass 0.45 0.34 0.21 20
Cheatgrass 0.60 0.28
Clover ladino 1.27 0.38 0.20 20
Clover red 1.70 0.30 0.17 23
Corn forage 0.21 0.22 0.09 6 28 23
Corn stalks 0.33 0.16 0.08 8 57 25
Fescue, vegetative 0.50 0.40 0.24 13 175 36
Fescue, boot stage 0.45 0.30 0.21 10 150 32
Fescue, mature 0.38 0.20 0.18 7 120 26
Fescue, stockpiled, Nov.-Dec. 0.45 0.30 0.21 12 150 32
Fescue, stockpiled, Jan.-Feb. 0.38 0.20 0.18 7 120 26
Fodder, oat 0.28 0.53
Fodder, wheat 0.40 0.40 0.22
Fodder, wheat, short germination 0.40 0.40 0.22
Legume pasture 1.24 0.36 0.28 9 53 39
Lespedeza 1.20 0.24 0.21  
Millet forage 0.47 0.33 0.22 15 110 41
Native range, Jan.-March 0.23 0.07
Native range, April-June 0.30 0.20 0.15 11
Native range, July-Aug. 0.33 0.15
Native range, Sept.-Oct. 0.28 0.12
Native range, Nov.-Dec. 0.25 0.09
Oat forage 0.48 0.35 0.22 8 70 29
Orchardgrass 0.33 0.39 0.20 21
Peanut forage 1.45 0.30 0.23 8 150 36
Peavine forage 1.03 0.36 0.21 10 55 38
Pineapple forage 0.47 0.17 0.14 11 121 48
Rye forage 0.56 0.40 0.26 10 67 44
Sorghum forage 0.35 0.22 0.13 8 42 29
Sorghum stover 0.50 0.12
Sorghum-sudan forage 0.45 0.29 0.18 9 74 26
Soybean forage 1.43 0.31 0.26 10 78 28
Sudangrass, mature 0.48 0.30 0.18 11 44 36
Sudangrass, immature 0.46 0.36 0.11 24
Sunflower 1.33 0.28 0.24 14 148 37
Timothy 0.40 0.28 0.15 28
Triticale forage 0.38 0.32 0.18 8 48 30
Wheat forage 0.35 0.36 0.22 10 85 35

 

Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 7)
Silage/Haylage DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Barley silage 38 12 61 59
Bermudagrass silage 39 13 75 56 50
Corn silage, well eared 34 8 72 71 73
Corn stalklage 49 6 70 53 45
Distillers corn stillage 7 22 45 92 103
Grass silage 30 11 76 61 62
Legume silage 40 21 75 58 32
Millet silage 38 13 75 55 47
Millet/soybean silage 38 12 72 57 52
Milo/soybean silage 31 12 60 58
Grass silage, mixed forage 39 16 78 60 56
Legume silage, mixed forage 39 19 78 60 57
Oat silage 35 13 79 60 56
Peanut silage 41 15 60 57 54
Peavine silage 35 17 60 58
Corn silage, processed 33 8 71 74
Rice silage 62 7 55 49
Rye grass silage 32 14 75 59 59
Small grain silage 38 13 61 57
Sorghum silage, early bloom 36 10 71 58 53
Sorghum Silage, late bloom 26 7 71 61 62
Sorghum-sudan silage 45 12 71 58 52
Soybean silage 56 16 65 57 53
Sudangrass silage 31 10 72 58 56
Sugarcane bagasse, silage 68 4 100 42 25
Sugarcane silage 54 6 52 42
Sunfower silage 27 11 70 78
Sweet corn silage 23 10 67 66
Triticale silage 34 14 100 60 56
Wheat silage 34 13 79 60 56
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 8)
Silage/Haylage NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Barley silage 33 55 0.7 35 3.5
Bermudagrass silage 25 67 0.8 40 3.3
Corn silage, well eared 46 44 0.8 26 3.3
Corn stalklage 20 65 1.0 47 1.9
Distillers corn stillage 70 21 0.5 10 8.1
Grass silage 31 60 0.8 39 3.4
Legume silage 44 44 0.7 34 3.8
Millet silage 22 62 0.7 40 2.4
Millet/soybean silage 26 57 0.7 40 3.0
Milo/soybean silage 32 44 0.7 37 3.4
Grass silage, mixed forage 30 56 0.9 35 3.8
Legume silage, mixed forage 31 48 0.8 36 3.9
Oat silage 30 59 0.8 39 3.7
Peanut silage 28 52 0.7 39 4.4
Peavine silage 32 50 0.8 36 3.8
Corn silage, processed 47 44 0.7 26 3.4
Rice silage 24 53 0.7 39 2.5
Rye grass silage 28 59 0.7 37 3.3
Small grain silage 31 57 0.7 37 3.6
Sorghum silage, early bloom 28 58 0.8 37 3.0
Sorghum Silage, late bloom 35 59 0.9 38 3.0
Sorghum-sudan silage 27 61 0.8 39 3.3
Soybean silage 28 48 0.7 38 4.3
Sudangrass silage 31 64 0.8 3.0
Sugarcane bagasse, silage 7 75 1.0 62 1.2
Sugarcane silage 18 64 0.9 45 1.8
Sunfower silage 50 48 0.9 39 14.4
Sweet corn silage 39 64 0.8 36 5.3
Triticale silage 30 58 0.8 38 3.7
Wheat silage 30 57 0.7 37 3.5

 

Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 9)
Silage/Haylage Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Barley silage 0.45 0.30 0.17 8 43 32
Bermudagrass silage 0.53 0.29 0.24 14 98 43
Corn silage, well eared 0.25 0.24 0.10 7 31 25 0.09
Corn stalklage 0.90 0.16 0.09 8 82 38
Distillers corn stillage 0.14 0.72 0.60 60
Grass silage 0.70 0.24 0.22 11 92 29
Legume silage 1.41 0.33 0.25 10.3 48.6 27.2 0.17
Millet silage 0.54 0.33 0.20 14 130 47
Millet/soybean silage 0.84 0.32 0.19 9 76 41
Milo/soybean silage 0.72 0.28 0.16 11 55 34
Grass silage, mixed forage 1.43 0.33 0.25 9 66 31
Legume silage, mixed forage 1.25 0.33 0.23 9 44 26
Oat silage 0.52 0.33 0.19 9 66 28
Peanut silage 1.25 0.26 0.18 15 176 41
Peavine silage 1.03 0.33 0.21 12 65 35
Corn silage, processed 0.23 0.24 0.10 9 28 29
Rice silage 0.24 0.21 0.12 11 570 34
Rye grass silage 0.43 0.38 0.23 11 90 36
Small grain silage 0.54 0.32 0.19 9 78 33
Sorghum silage, early bloom 0.48 0.24 0.14 10 55 40 0.22
Sorghum Silage, late bloom 0.35 0.21 0.11 15 60 32 0.22
Sorghum-sudan silage 0.57 0.28 0.17 12 67 34
Soybean silage 1.36 0.30 0.20 12 81 65
Sudangrass silage 0.58 0.27 0.14 13 69 29
Sugarcane bagasse, silage 0.35 0.06 0.10 8 74 18
Sugarcane silage 0.36 0.12 0.30 8 77 102
Sunfower silage 1.42 0.33 0.24 15 33 35
Sweet corn silage 0.21 0.27 0.12 11 27 39
Triticale silage 0.50 0.34 0.20 11 50 36
Wheat silage 0.41 0.34 0.18 10 56 29
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 10)
Pellets/Cubes DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Alfalfa cubes 91 18 70 57 52
Alfalfa pellets 91 18 70 57 53
Alfalfa, dehydrated 17% CP 92 19 41 61 61
Barley malt pellets with hulls 90 18 64 68 71
Grass cubes 92 12 55 48
Grass pellets 91 14 59 55
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 11)
Pellets/Cubes NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Alfalfa cubes 27 44 0.4 34 2.3
Alfalfa pellets 27 46 0.25 34 2.4
Alfalfa, dehydrated 17% CP 35 45 0.25 34 3.0
Barley malt pellets with hulls 44 50 0.25 1.9
Grass cubes 23 59 0.5 40 2.1
Grass pellets 29 54 0.3 36 2.8
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 12)
Pellets/Cubes Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Alfalfa cubes 1.52 0.24 0.26 9 46 24 0.2
Alfalfa pellets 1.47 0.28 0.25 11 58 35 0.20
Alfalfa, dehydrated 17% CP 1.42 0.25 0.24 9 34 21 0.2
Barley malt pellets with hulls 0.21 0.59 0.32 10 44 61 0.25
Grass cubes 0.76 0.22 0.20 22 94 72
Grass pellets 0.82 0.29 0.20 10 86 48
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 13)
Byproducts DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Almond hulls, dry 89 6 60 58
Almond hulls, wet 80 6 61 61
Apple pomace, wet 21 7 66 67
Bakery byproduct, dry 90 13 91 108
Beet pulp, dry 92 9 56 66 66
Beet pulp, wet 23 10 63 61
Bread, wet 66 15 90 103
Breading 93 13 105 131
Breweres condensed solubles 25 26 88 100
Brewers grains, dry 93 26 46 73 79
Brewers grains, wet 26 30 74 81
Candy byproduct, dry 91 9 100 94 113
Carrots, wet 14 10 73 78
Cerial byproduct, dry 91 11 84 95
Chocolate byproduct, dry 91 11 80 95 117
Citrus pulp, dry 88 7 70 75
Citrus pulp, wet 20 9 70 75
Coconut meal, dry 93 22 70 78
Cookie byproduct, dry 91 10 93 111
Corn cobs, dry 93 5 30 61 56
Corn cobs, wet 66 4 30 59 51
Corn gluten feed, dry 89 24 75 73 78
Corn gluten feed, wet 61 22 75 76 84
Corn gluten meal 91 67 40 87 98
Corn steep liquor 41 37 70 84 94
Cotton gin trash (burrs) 92 11 100 44 34
Cottonseed hulls, dry 91 4 55 35 14
Cottonseed, whole 91 24 62 77 93
Cottonseed, whole, delinted 92 27 61 90 113
Cottonseed, whole, extruded 94 31 50 67 74
Distillers condensed solubles 32 20 100 102 126
Distillers dried solubles 93 31 53 87 96
Distillers grain, corn, wet 36 30 53 90 101
Distillers grain, sorghum, wet 35 33 45 86 95
Distillers grains with solubles,
corn, dry
89 31 50 89 100
Distillers grains with solubles, sorghum, dry 92 31 47 88 99
Fruit byproduct, dry 86 8 72 76
Fruit byproduct, wet 28 8 72 77
Fuzzpellet 92 23 50 90 102
Malt sprouts, dry 92 24 68 68
Oat hulls 92 7 75 54 45
Palm kernel meal 90 17 68 71
Pasta, dry 90 12 92 106
Peanut hulls 93 11 40 39 24
Peanut skins 92 17 100
Pet food 91 24 93 112
Pineapple forage, dry 90 6 60 55
Potato byproduct, dry 85 15 79 87
Potato byproduct, wet 27 11 80 89
Poultry litter, dry 94 25 90 57 53
Poultry manure, wet cage 67 27 90 57 53
Rice bran, full fat 91 14 55 84 100
Rice byproducts 92 8 39 68 68
Rice hulls 92 3 45 13 35
Rice mill byproduct 91 7 60 42 43
Rice polishings 90 13 83 99
Snack food 48 10 86 100
Snack Food, dry 93 9 100 125
Soy byproduct, dry 89 34 85 99
Soy byproduct, wet 39 31 82 97
Soybean hulls 91 14 47 63 60
Sugarcane bagasse 39 4 100 43 25
Sugarcane bagasse, dry 93 3 100 48 34
Sunfower seed hulls 90 4 35 40 42
Sunfower seeds 92 22 7 113 150
Tapioca (cassava), dry 88 4 62 75 80
Tapioca meal, cassava byproduct 89 1 63 82 89
Vegetable byproduct, wet 27 20 85 62 61
Wheat germ meal 88 29 75 85 99
Wheat midds 90 18 78 73 79
Wheat mill run 90 17 72 75 81
Wheat shorts 89 19 75 78 83
Whey, dry 94 14 85 82 89
Whey, wet 23 14 85 82 93
Yeast, dry 29 44 82 91
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 14)
Byproducts NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Almond hulls, dry 32 36 0.4 30 2.9
Almond hulls, wet 35 34 0.3 28 4.0
Apple pomace, wet 40 48 0.3 40 6.8
Bakery byproduct, dry 75 11 0.2 6 9.8
Beet pulp, dry 39 42 0.3 26 1.3
Beet pulp, wet 35 48 0.25 28 1.1
Bread, wet 72 5 0.1 3 8.4
Breading 94 7 0.1 4 17.9
Breweres condensed solubles 69 5 0.1 2 4.2
Brewers grains, dry 51 51 0.25 24 8.7
Brewers grains, wet 53 49 0.25 24 9.4
Candy byproduct, dry 80 14 0.1 7 15.2
Carrots, wet 50 25 0.35 21 4.3
Cerial byproduct, dry 65 12 0.1 6 5.2
Chocolate byproduct, dry 83 18 0.15 12 20.0
Citrus pulp, dry 47 24 0.3 20 2.6
Citrus pulp, wet 47 27 0.25 23 3.5
Coconut meal, dry 49 52 0.3 31 13.1
Cookie byproduct, dry 78 10 0.1 5 11.8
Corn cobs, dry 30 65 0.9 35 1.9
Corn cobs, wet 25 80 0.8 44 0.7
Corn gluten feed, dry 50 36 0.4 11 4.1
Corn gluten feed, wet 55 35 0.3 12 5.3
Corn gluten meal 67 8 0.2 5 3.0
Corn steep liquor 64 3 0 1 3.0
Cotton gin trash (burrs) 10 70 0.9 51 2.7
Cottonseed hulls, dry 2 79 0.9 65 4.3
Cottonseed, whole 63 53 0.8 40 19.9
Cottonseed, whole, delinted 80 43 0.8 29 22.9
Cottonseed, whole, extruded 46 45 0.7 37 9.7
Distillers condensed solubles 90 4 0.1 2 17.9
Distillers dried solubles 64 22 0.2 7 13.0
Distillers grain, corn, wet 69 31 0.3 16 12.0
Distillers grain, sorghum, wet 63 34 0.3 19 12.0
Distillers grains with solubles,
corn, dry
69 33 0.35 18 13.0
Distillers grains with solubles, sorghum, dry 68 46 0.35 18 10.0
Fruit byproduct, dry 48 40 0.4 29 4.9
Fruit byproduct, wet 49 35 0.35 25 4.9
Fuzzpellet 70 47 0.6 39 18.4
Malt sprouts, dry 41 43 0.4 19 2.1
Oat hulls 20 65 0.7 36 3.2
Palm kernel meal 43 64 0.6 40 9.1
Pasta, dry 73 3 0.25 2 6.2
Peanut hulls 5 65 0.5 54 5.3
Peanut skins 0 28 0.2 20 22.0
Pet food 79 17 0.3 7 14.1
Pineapple forage, dry 29 61 0.4 31 1.5
Potato byproduct, dry 58 19 0.35 14 4.5
Potato byproduct, wet 60 23 0.3 16 6.8
Poultry litter, dry 29 38 0.5 26 2.5
Poultry manure, wet cage 29 36 0.5 25 3.6
Rice bran, full fat 69 23 0.5 17 16.0
Rice byproducts 41 52 0.4 45 3.7
Rice hulls 81 0.6 70 0.9
Rice mill byproduct 60 0.3 50 5.7
Rice polishings 68 24 0.2 16 14.1
Snack food 68 20 0.2 14 11.1
Snack Food, dry 89 12 0.25 7 22.6
Soy byproduct, dry 68 29 0.25 20 12.1
Soy byproduct, wet 66 31 0.3 22 12.9
Soybean hulls 33 63 0.4 44 3.3
Sugarcane bagasse 11 75 0.9 61 0.9
Sugarcane bagasse, dry 12 80 1.0 62 0.9
Sunfower seed hulls   73 0.9 63 2.2
Sunfower seeds 109 38 0.8 29 35.2
Tapioca (cassava), dry 52 20 0.2 16 0.8
Tapioca meal, cassava byproduct 59 34 0.2 8 0.8
Vegetable byproduct, wet 35 43 0.3 35 8.8
Wheat germ meal 68 22 0.2 6 6.3
Wheat midds 51 38 0.3 13 5.9
Wheat mill run 53 37 0.35 12 4.4
Wheat shorts 54 30 0.3 10 5.3
Whey, dry 59 0 0 0.9
Whey, wet 63 1 0 1 3.9
Yeast, dry 62 7 0.1 4 3.5
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 15)
Byproducts Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Almond hulls, dry 0.28 0.12 0.05 5 18 18
Almond hulls, wet 0.29 0.13 0.04 5 19 16
Apple pomace, wet 0.18 0.15 0.07 10 15 10
Bakery byproduct, dry 0.28 0.34 0.16 5 30 38
Beet pulp, dry 0.94 0.08 0.29 9 61 23
Beet pulp, wet 1.07 0.10 0.21 10 58 24
Bread, wet 0.19 0.21 0.18 3 13 17
Breading 0.11 0.20 0.17 2 6 10
Breweres condensed solubles 0.54 0.71 0.46 27 19 48
Brewers grains, dry 0.30 0.65 0.31 14 54 90
Brewers grains, wet 0.35 0.68 0.00 11 52 92
Candy byproduct, dry 0.25 0.23 0.09 5 18 20
Carrots, wet 0.86 0.35 0.12 9 30 28
Cerial byproduct, dry 0.23 0.37 0.13 6 37 84
Chocolate byproduct, dry 0.24 0.31 0.13 9 25 31
Citrus pulp, dry 1.88 0.12 0.10 6 13 11
Citrus pulp, wet 1.50 0.15 0.10 6 13 12
Coconut meal, dry 0.15 0.61 0.28 38 104 55
Cookie byproduct, dry 0.20 0.29 0.12 4 24 30
Corn cobs, dry 0.15 0.14 0.09 7 21 27
Corn cobs, wet 0.11 0.08 0.05 7 9 25
Corn gluten feed, dry 0.11 1.04 0.50 6 22 69 0.3
Corn gluten feed, wet 0.36 1.26 0.47 6 24 70
Corn gluten meal 0.07 0.54 0.86 3 7 31
Corn steep liquor 0.08 2.74 1.41 6 50 155 0.30
Cotton gin trash (burrs) 0.90 0.12 0.05 10 55 10 0.25
Cottonseed hulls, dry 0.35 0.21 0.12 5 28 22 0.30
Cottonseed, whole 0.19 0.69 0.23 6 16 34 0.25
Cottonseed, whole, delinted 0.34 0.75 0.56 8 25 37
Cottonseed, whole, extruded 0.29 0.81 0.30 10 20 43
Distillers condensed solubles 0.10 1.55 1.06 5 32 87
Distillers dried solubles 0.35 1.20 1.10 91
Distillers grain, corn, wet 0.09 0.75 0.70 5 21 65 0.42
Distillers grain, sorghum, wet 0.20 0.68 0.50 5 21 50 0.42
Distillers grains with solubles,
corn, dry
0.07 0.87 0.65 5 21 68 0.42
Distillers grains with solubles, sorghum, dry 0.25 0.65 0.40 5 21 68 0.42
Fruit byproduct, dry 0.36 0.19 0.15 9 56 18
Fruit byproduct, wet 0.42 0.21 0.12 10 34 19
Fuzzpellet 0.17 0.52 0.27 9 15 37 0.25
Malt sprouts, dry 0.21 0.60 0.31 10 46 64
Oat hulls 0.16 0.22 0.09 8 50 29
Palm kernel meal 0.41 0.62 0.20 24 263 43
Pasta, dry 0.10 0.16 0.12 2 8 10
Peanut hulls 0.33 0.13 0.11 13 45 21
Peanut skins 0.19 0.20        
Pet food 1.63 1.11 0.35 22 63 190
Pineapple forage, dry 0.37 0.14 0.12 10 155 15
Potato byproduct, dry 0.30 0.30 0.21 7 23 23
Potato byproduct, wet 0.46 0.31 0.13 9 30 31
Poultry litter, dry 2.56 1.44 0.52 291 421 480
Poultry manure, wet cage 4.12 1.86 0.00 349 483 441
Rice bran, full fat 0.66 1.70 0.19 12 396 40
Rice byproducts 0.11 0.27 0.08 16 226 41
Rice hulls 0.14 0.07 0.08 3 320 24
Rice mill byproduct 0.40 0.31 0.30 31
Rice polishings 0.93 1.28 0.15 10 146 80
Snack food 0.58 0.30 0.15 8 17 25
Snack Food, dry 0.65 0.21 0.09 3 13 16
Soy byproduct, dry 0.41 0.44 0.30 12 27 51
Soy byproduct, wet 0.42 0.32 0.00 20 24 43
Soybean hulls 0.64 0.18 0.13 9 24 46 0.14
Sugarcane bagasse 0.09 0.02 0.04 7 56 9
Sugarcane bagasse, dry 0.35 0.04 0.09 7 59 12
Sunfower seed hulls 0.00 0.11 0.19 200
Sunfower seeds 0.33 0.68 0.00 19 30 57
Tapioca (cassava), dry 0.30 0.08 0.04 7 58 29
Tapioca meal, cassava byproduct 0.03 0.05 0.04 7 58 29
Vegetable byproduct, wet 0.81 0.43 0.34 10 46 35
Wheat germ meal 0.11 1.23 0.26 7 193 138
Wheat midds 0.15 1.07 0.19 12 126 84 0.21
Wheat mill run 0.12 1.00 0.22 21 90
Wheat shorts 0.10 0.93 0.20 118
Whey, dry 0.98 0.88 0.92 4 2 10
Whey, wet 1.10 1.37 0.23 4 2 24
Yeast, dry 0.42 1.37 0.00 17 20 85
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 16)
Grains/Concentrate DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Barley, dry 90 12 81 89
Buckwheat, dry 90 17 76 82
Canola seed 94 25 70
Corn bran 92 13 100 83 95
Corn grain, high moisture 74 9 58 93 104
Corn grain rolled 88 9 46 88 98
Corn grain, steam faked 87 9 41 93 104
Corn grain, whole 88 9 42 88 99
Corn screenings 87 9 48 87 96
Corn snaplage, wet 59 8 70 81 90
Corn, ear 89 9 84 94
Corn, high moisture ears 64 8 83 93
Fat, animal or vegetable 99 100 195 285
Flax seed 91 29 110 144
Glycerol (glycerin) 88 100 90 100
Hominy feed 89 10 52 86 99
Lupine beans, dry 91 33 81 93
Milk replacer, dry 92 27 108 138
Milk, dry, skim 94 36 100 87 96
Millet, dry 84 12 43 77 85
Milo/sorghum, dry 90 11 45 84 93
Milo/sorghum, steam faked 82 11 38 90 102
Molasses cane, dried 94 9 100 74 78
Molasses cane, wet 73 9 100 72 77
Mung beans 90 23 25 79 87
Mung bean cracks 90 25 25 88 96
Oats, rolled 89 12 82 75 77
Pearl millet grain 87 13 100 82 89
Peas, dry 89 24 17 79 86
Potatoes, wet 24 11 81 89
Rice 89 8 70 79 85
Rye 89 14 80 80 86
Triticale 89 12 82 91
Wheat bran 90 18 72 72 76
Wheat grain 89 14 77 84 93
Wheat grain sprouted 86 12 82 88 98
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 17)
Grains/Concentrate NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Barley, dry 60 19 0.3 8 2.4
Buckwheat, dry 54 27 0.3 19 3.7
Canola seed 28 0.3 20 39.7
Corn bran 65 33 0.35 10 8.4
Corn grain, high moisture 71 10 0.3 4 4.1
Corn grain rolled 65 10 0.2 4 4.2
Corn grain, steam faked 71 9 0.25 4 3.6
Corn grain, whole 65 9 0.35 3 4.3
Corn screenings 64 10 0.2 4 3.8
Corn snaplage, wet 61 24 0.8 12 3.6
Corn, ear 64 19 0.8 8 3.9
Corn, high moisture ears 63 21 0.6 10 3.6
Fat, animal or vegetable 230 0 99.0
Flax seed 104 32 0.2 19 23.2
Glycerol (glycerin) 68 0 0.15
Hominy feed 68 17 0.2 6 6.9
Lupine beans, dry 63 28 0.25 21 6.5
Milk replacer, dry 100 2 0 20.9
Milk, dry, skim 64 0 0.9
Millet, dry 56 21 0.3 12 3.1
Milo/sorghum, dry 63 16 0.35 9 3.4
Milo/sorghum, steam faked 70 20 0.1 3.1
Molasses cane, dried 49 7 0 3 0.3
Molasses cane, wet 49 1 0.1 2.3
Mung beans 58 28 0.3 8 3.0
Mung bean cracks 64 20 0.2 8 1.3
Oats, rolled 52 30 0.4 15 5.4
Pearl millet grain 59 18 0.25 6 4.5
Peas, dry 57 14 0.2 9 2.0
Potatoes, wet 60 11 0.2 8 3.7
Rice 55 16 0.15 12 1.9
Rye 56 19 0.2 8 2.5
Triticale 61 15 0.15 1.7
Wheat bran 48 40 0.2 14 4.5
Wheat grain 63 13 0.15 5 2.0
Wheat grain sprouted 65 13 0.2 4 2.0
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 18)
Grains/Concentrate Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Barley, dry 0.10 0.40 0.14 6 20 32 0.22
Buckwheat, dry 0.13 0.58 0.20 8 38 30
Canola seed 0.55 0.72 0.43 3 50 60
Corn bran 0.06 0.51 0.25 5 17 70
Corn grain, high moisture 0.03 0.31 0.10 2 6 19
Corn grain rolled 0.02 0.30 0.14 3 9 24 0.15
Corn grain, steam faked 0.03 0.24 0.09 2 5 17
Corn grain, whole 0.02 0.30 0.12 3 8 18
Corn screenings 0.04 0.25 0.11 16
Corn snaplage, wet 0.06 0.27 0.10 4 11 22
Corn, ear 0.42 0.31 0.10 4 12 26
Corn, high moisture ears 0.05 0.29 0.10 3 10 20
Fat, animal or vegetable 0.00 0.00
Flax seed 0.31 0.71 0.30 15 38 57
Glycerol (glycerin)
Hominy feed 0.04 0.55 0.12 4 13 40 0.11
Lupine beans, dry 0.29 0.40 0.22 7 279 36
Milk replacer, dry 0.93 0.77 0.36 10 40 74
Milk, dry, skim 1.36 1.09 0.34 41
Millet, dry 0.83 0.30 0.39 6 22 26
Milo/sorghum, dry 0.15 0.36 0.11 4 20 22 0.22
Milo/sorghum, steam faked 0.04 0.28 0.14 5 15 18
Molasses cane, dried 1.10 0.15 23 61 30
Molasses cane, wet 1.00 0.25 1.00 23 61 71
Mung beans 1.19 0.68 0.25
Mung bean cracks 0.15 0.39 0.25
Oats, rolled 0.09 0.33 0.23 7 42 41 0.26
Pearl millet grain 0.03 0.36
Peas, dry 0.14 0.42 0.18 8 19 38
Potatoes, wet 0.14 0.29 0.14 6 15 19
Rice 0.07 0.32 0.05 5 47 17
Rye 0.07 0.55 0.17 5 49 36
Triticale 0.08 0.36 0.15 5 42 90
Wheat bran 0.16 1.08 0.18 12 135 87
Wheat grain 0.12 0.39 0.15 4 41 31 0.29
Wheat grain sprouted 0.04 0.36 0.17 45
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 19)
Protein Meals DM
%
CP
%
DIP
% of CP
TDN
%
NEm (Mcal/cwt.)
Biuret 99 248 100
Blood meal, dry, non-ruminant 90 100 40 72 77
Canola meal, dry 91 40 71 69 73
Corn germ meal 90 23 50 81 92
Cotton seed meal 91 43 73 70 74
Feather meal 93 88 27 78 91
Fish meal 92 61 40 77 91
Linseed meal, mech. extracted 91 37 60 82 89
Linseed meal, solv. extracted 91 39 64 72 78
Meat meal, dry 96 59 67 79
Peanut meal 94 44 73 79 89
Poultry meal, blood & feather 95 67 46 75 91
Safower meal 95 24 58 56
Soybean meal,  44% 89 49 65 84 92
Soybean meal, 48% 91 54 64 87 98
Soybeans whole 88 41 72 92 103
Soybeans whole, extruded 88 40 65 93 104
Soybeans whole, roasted 88 40 52 93 104
Sunfower meal 92 33 68 66 69
Sunfower meal, solvent extracted 91 39 73 64 65
Urea 46% N 99 288 100
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 20)
Protein Meals NEg (Mcal/cwt.) NDF
%
pefa
%
ADF
%
EE
%
Biuret 0
Blood meal, dry, non-ruminant 50 2 0.1 1 1.1
Canola meal, dry 45 30 0.25 21 7.4
Corn germ meal 61 39 0.2 14 10.1
Cotton seed meal 47 32 0.25 23 5.7
Feather meal 61 17 0.15 3 10.0
Fish meal 62 23 0.15 4 12.1
Linseed meal, mech. extracted 59 24 0.15 18 6.0
Linseed meal, solv. extracted 53 26 0.15 18 1.9
Meat meal, dry 51 0.15 29 14.2
Peanut meal 59 24 0.15 16 8.8
Poultry meal, blood & feather 61 0 0.1 0 13.9
Safower meal 30 53 0.3 38 9.1
Soybean meal,  44% 61 15 0.15 10 1.5
Soybean meal, 48% 67 9 0.15 6 1.2
Soybeans whole 70 15 0.3 11 18.8
Soybeans whole, extruded 71 15 0.25 11 18.8
Soybeans whole, roasted 71 15 0.3 11 18.8
Sunfower meal 42 41 0.1 29 11.5
Sunfower meal, solvent extracted 36 36 0.1 22 2.0
Urea 46% N 0 0.0
Typical composition of feeds and forages (part 21)
Protein Meals Ca
%
P
%
S
%
Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Se ppm
Biuret
Blood meal, dry, non-ruminant 0.18 0.2 0.56 5 6 29
Canola meal, dry 0.74 1.1 0.71 6 65 60
Corn germ meal 0.06 0.8 0.28 3 15 77
Cotton seed meal 0.31 1.2 0.43 13 27 64 0.32
Feather meal 0.56 0.4 1.77 12 10 89 0.9
Fish meal 5.04 2.9 0.84 7 37 113
Linseed meal, mech. extracted 0.42 0.9 0.46 19 50 70
Linseed meal, solv. extracted 0.43 0.9 0.52 19 50 70
Meat meal, dry 7.89 4.40 0.45 19 17 130
Peanut meal 0.21 0.6 0.27 15 33 51 0.12
Poultry meal, blood & feather 4.04 2.4 0.73 16 11 104
Safower meal 1.06 0.6 0.26 29 111 140
Soybean meal,  44% 0.36 0.7 0.41 23 41 62 0.11
Soybean meal, 48% 0.28 0.7 0.47 23 41 61 0.11
Soybeans whole 0.27 0.6 0.34 15 32 43
Soybeans whole, extruded 0.27 0.6 0.34 14 34 50
Soybeans whole, roasted 0.27 0.6 0.34 13 30 44
Sunfower meal 0.45 1.1 0.00 29 43 87 0.18
Sunfower meal, solvent extracted 0.42 1.00 0.37 20 35 70
Urea 46% N 0.00 0.00 0.00

a Physical effectiveness factor.

 

DM
Number Feed Name DM %
Calcium Calcium Carbonate                                                     99
  Calcium phosphate (monobasic)                                   99
  Limestone, dolomitic  
  Limestone, ground  
Cobalt Cobalt Carbonate                                                       99
  Cobalt Sulfate                                                            99
Copper Copper chloride dihydrate  
  Copper Sulfate                                                           99
  Copper Oxide                                                            99
Phosphorous Dicalcium phosphate                                                  99
  Phosphoric acid                                                         99
Magnesium    
  Magnesium chloride                                                    99
  Magnesium hydroxide                                                 99
  Magnesium Oxide                                                       99
  Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate  
Manganese Manganese chloride                                                    99
  Manganese sulfate monohydrate  
  Manganese sulfate pentahydrate  
Potassium Potassium bicarbonate                                                99
  Potassium carbonate                                                  99
  Potassium chloride                                                     99
  Potassium iodidea                                                                                                 99
Sodium Sodium chlorideb                                                                                                  99
  Sodium bicarbonate                                                   99
  Sodium phosphate (monobasic)                                   99
Selenium Selenium 600                                                            99
  Sodium selenate decahydrate  
  Sodium selenite  
Sodium Sodium Chloride                                                        99
Zince Zinc carbonate  
  Zinc chloride  
  Zinc Oxide                                                                99
  Zinc sulfate monohydrate                                            99
Macromineral
Number Feed Name CA % Phos % Na % K % MG % S %
Calcium Calcium Carbonate                                                      38 0.04   0.06 0.05 0.01
  Calcium phosphate (monobasic)                                    16.4 21.6       1.2
  Limestone, dolomitic 22.3       9.9  
  Limestone, ground 34       2.1  
Cobalt Cobalt Carbonate                                                                   
  Cobalt Sulfate                                                                        
Copper Copper chloride dihydrate            
  Copper Sulfate                                                                      38
  Copper Oxide                                                                        
Phosphorous Dicalcium phosphate                                                   22 19.3   0 0.59 1.14
  Phosphoric acid                                                            31.6       1.55
Magnesium              
  Magnesium chloride                                                     3.1       12  
  Magnesium hydroxide                                                          41.7  
  Magnesium Oxide                                                                56.2  
  Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate         9.8  
Manganese Manganese chloride                                                                
  Manganese sulfate monohydrate            
  Manganese sulfate pentahydrate            
Potassium Potassium bicarbonate                                                       39    
  Potassium carbonate                                                         57    
  Potassium chloride                                                      0.05     50 0.11 0.19
  Potassium iodidea                                                                                                       21    
Sodium Sodium chlorideb                                                                                                      39.3      
  Sodium bicarbonate                                                        27      
  Sodium phosphate (monobasic)                                      22.5 16.7      
Selenium Selenium 600                                                                        
  Sodium selenate decahydrate            
  Sodium selenite     26.6      
Sodium Sodium Chloride                                                             39      
Zince Zinc carbonate            
  Zinc chloride            
  Zinc Oxide                                                                            
  Zinc sulfate monohydrate                                                        
Trace Mineral
Number Feed Name                                                                                     CO
ppm
CU ppm FE ppm MN
ppm
SE
ppm
ZN
ppm
Calcium Calcium Carbonate                                                        33 300 300   39
  Calcium phosphate (monobasic)                                        15800      
  Limestone, dolomitic            
  Limestone, ground            
Cobalt Cobalt Carbonate                                                        430000          
  Cobalt Sulfate                                                             210000          
Copper Copper chloride dihydrate   372000        
  Copper Sulfate                                                              254500        
  Copper Oxide                                                               798800        
Phosphorous Dicalcium phosphate                                                   0 10 14400 330 0 100
  Phosphoric acid                                                              17500      
Magnesium              
  Magnesium chloride                                                                
  Magnesium hydroxide                                                             
  Magnesium Oxide                                                              600000    
  Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate            
Manganese Manganese chloride                                                           430000    
  Manganese sulfate monohydrate       325069    
  Manganese sulfate pentahydrate       227891    
Potassium Potassium bicarbonate                                                            
  Potassium carbonate                                                              
  Potassium chloride                                                          600      
  Potassium iodidea                                                                                                            
Sodium Sodium chlorideb                                                                                                             
  Sodium bicarbonate                                                               
  Sodium phosphate (monobasic)                                               
Selenium Selenium 600                                                                     600  
  Sodium selenate decahydrate         213920  
  Sodium selenite         456000  
Sodium Sodium Chloride                                                                    
Zince Zinc carbonate           521400
  Zinc chloride           479700
  Zinc Oxide                                                                           780000
  Zinc sulfate monohydrate                                                       363600

a Potassium iodide = 681,700 ppm iodine
b Sodium chloride = 60.6% chloride
Source: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 2016 and Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 2001

 

 

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Extension Everywhere for Everyone

The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by
a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system.

 

Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agriculture, natural resources and environment; family and consumer sciences; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve
to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems.

 

Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are:

  • The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program
    direction.
  • It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director.
  • Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and research-based information.
  • It provides practical, problem-oriented education for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university.
  • It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own
    decisions.
  • More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff.
  • It dispenses no funds to the public.
  • It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting
    them.
  • Local programs are developed and carried out in full recognition of national problems and goals.
  • The Extension staff educates people through personal contacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the
    mass media.
  • Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs.
    Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes.
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