Effect of Planting Date and Seed Treatment on Diseases and Insect Pests of Wheat
Typically about half of the winter wheat in Oklahoma is sown with the intent of being used as a dual-purpose crop. In this system, wheat is planted in early to mid-September to maximize forage production for grazing by cattle from November to late February, then also harvested for grain. In a grain-only system, wheat is generally planted in October, then harvested in early summer. Planting wheat early for use as a dual-purpose crop significantly increases the prevalence of several diseases caused by viruses, fungi, and by insect pests compared to planting wheat later for grain-only.
Virus diseases affecting early-planted wheat
Early planted wheat is prone to attack by at least four virus diseases including wheat streak mosaic (WSM), high plains disease (HPD), Triticum mosaic (TrM), and the aphid/barley yellow dwarf (BYD) complex. The first three of these virus diseases are transmitted by the wheat curl mite (WCM) and cause similar symptoms in wheat. WCMs and these viruses survive in crops such as wheat and corn, as well as many grassy weeds and volunteer wheat. In the fall, WCMs spread to emerging seedling wheat, feed on that seedling wheat, and transmit the virus to the young wheat plants. Wheat infected with Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV – cause of high plains disease), or Triticum mosaic virus (TrMV) in the fall is either killed the next spring or will be severely damaged. Seed treatments to control these viruses or the WCMs that transmit them are not available. However, planting later in the fall (after October 1 in northern OK and after October 15 in southern OK) and controlling volunteer wheat are two practices that provide some control. It is critical to completely destroy volunteer wheat at least two weeks prior to emergence of seedling wheat because WCMs have a life span of seven to ten days. Thus, destroying volunteer wheat at least two weeks prior to emergence of seedling wheat reduces mite infestation in the fall. In addition to these cultural managements, there are several winter wheat varieties with genetic resistance to WSM. However, this resistance is in wheat varieties not well adapted to production in most of Oklahoma, is not effective at high temperature [about 18 C (64 F)], is in a white winter wheat, and is not effective against HPD or TrM. Thus, planting of these varieties is recommended in Oklahoma only if you are willing to sacrifice some yield potential in exchange for resistance to WSM. For more information on WSM and HPD, go to the Plant Disease & Insect Diagnostic Laboratory web page at: http://www.ento.okstate.edu/ddd/hosts/wheat.htm.
The fourth virus disease above (BYD) is caused by a virus transmitted by many cereal-feeding
aphids. Fall infections by BYDV are the most severe because the virus has a longer
time to damage the plant as compared to infections that occur in the spring. Several
steps can be taken to help manage BYD. First, a later planting date (after October
1 in northern Oklahoma and after October 15 in southern Oklahoma) helps reduce the
opportunity for fall infections. Second, some wheat varieties resist BYD better than
other varieties; however, be aware that no wheat variety has absolute resistance to
the aphid/BYDV complex. For a complete listing of the reaction of wheat varieties
to this and other diseases, see OSU PSS-2142 and KSU MF991). Third, control the aphids
that transmit BYDV. This can be done by applying contact insecticides to kill aphids,
or by treating seed before planting with a systemic insecticide. If using a contact
insecticide, be sure to apply before aphids are present in large numbers to reduce
the spread of BYDV as much as possible. Systemic seed-treatment insecticides including
Gaucho (imidacloprid) and Cruiser (thiamethoxam) can control aphids during the fall
after planting, but in some years, aphids are sparse in the fall and planting insecticide-treated
seed in a year with no or sparse aphids in the fall would not be as beneficial as
in years when aphids are numerous. Be sure to thoroughly read the label before applying
any chemical. For more information on the aphid/BYDV complex, go to the web page for
the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory at:
http://entoplp.okstate.edu/ddd/hosts/wheat.htm
Hessian fly – an insect pest that can affect early planted wheat
Hessian fly infestations occur in the fall and spring. Fall infestations arise from over-summering pupae that emerge when climate conditions become favorable. Delayed planting (after October 1 in northern Oklahoma, and after October 15 in southern Oklahoma) can help reduce the threat of Hessian fly, but a specific “fly free date” does not exist for most of Oklahoma as it does in Kansas and other northern wheat-growing states. This is because smaller, supplementary broods of adult flies emerge throughout the fall and winter. Some wheat varieties are either resistant or partially resistant to Hessian fly infestations. For a complete listing of the reaction of wheat varieties to Hessian fly and other diseases, see OSU PSS-2142 and KSU MF991. Hessian fly infestations can be reduced somewhat by destroying volunteer wheat in and around the field at least two weeks prior to emergence of seedling wheat. Seed treatments that contain imidacloprid or thiamethoxam will also help reduce fly fall infestations, especially if combined with delayed planting and volunteer destruction. For more information, consult OSU Extension Facts EPP-7086 (Hessian Fly Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat), OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control (OCES publication E-832), and/or contact your county Extension Educator.
Root and foot rots that can affect early planted wheat
These include several diseases caused by fungi such as dryland (Fusarium) root rot, Rhizoctonia root rot (sharp eyespot), common root rot, take-all, and eyespot (strawbreaker). Managing root and foot rots is difficult. There are no resistant varieties, and although fungicide seed treatments with activity toward the root and foot rots are available, their activity usually involves early-season control or suppression rather than control at a consistently high level throughout the season. Often, there also are different “levels” of activity related to different treatment rates, so again, CAREFULLY read the label of any seed treatment to be sure activity against the diseases and/or insects of concern are indicated, and be certain that the seed treatment(s) is being used at the rate indicated on the label for activity against those diseases and/or insects.
Later planting (after October 1 in northern Oklahoma and after October 15 in southern Oklahoma) also can help reduce the incidence and severity of root rots, but planting later will not entirely eliminate the presence or effects of root rots. If you have a field with a history of severe root rot, consider planting that field as late as possible or plan to use it in a “graze-out” fashion if that is consistent with your overall plan.
For some root rots, there are specific factors that contribute to disease incidence and severity. For example, a high soil pH (>6.5) greatly favors disease development of the root rot called take-all. OSU soil test recommendations factor in this phenomenon by reducing lime recommendations when continuous wheat is the intended crop. Another practice that can help limit take-all and some of the other root rots is the elimination of residue. However, elimination of residue by tillage or burning does not seem to affect the incidence or severity of eyespot (strawbreaker). For more information on wheat root rots, take-all and eyespot (strawbreaker), see OSU Extension Facts F-7622 or go to the web page for the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory at: http://www.ento.okstate.edu/ddd/hosts/wheat.htm.
Seed treatments can help manage many of the diseases/insect pests associated with early planting
There are several justifications for planting treated wheat seed that result in increased economic return. These include:
- Control of common bunt (also called stinking smut) and loose smut. The similarity of these names can be confusing. Both affect the grain of wheat, but common bunt spores carryover on seed or in the soil, loose smut carries over in the seed. Seed treatments are highly effective in controlling both diseases. If common bunt was observed in a field and that field is to be planted again with wheat, then planting certified wheat seed treated with a fungicide effective against common bunt is strongly recommended. If either common bunt or loose smut was observed in a field, grain harvested from that field should not be used as seed the next year. However, if grain harvested from such a field is to be used as seed wheat, treatment of that seed at a high rate of a systemic or a systemic + contact seed treatment effective against common bunt and loose smut is strongly recommended. For more information on common bunt & loose smut, see: http://www.entoplp.okstate.edu/ddd/hosts/wheat.htm, consult the “OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control (OCES publication E-832),” and/or contact your county Extension educator.
- Enhance seedling emergence, stand establishment and forage production by suppressing root, crown and foot rots. This was discussed above under “Root and Foot Rots.” Consult the OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control (OCES publication E-832) for more information on wheat seed treatments.
- Early season control of aphids and Hessian fly. This can be achieved by using a seed treatment containing an insecticide. Consult the OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control (OCES publication E-832) for more information on wheat seed treatments.
- Control of fall foliar diseases including leaf rust and powdery mildew. Seed treatments are effective in controlling foliar diseases (especially leaf rust and powdery mildew) in the fall, which may reduce the inoculum level of these diseases in the spring. However, this control should be viewed as an added benefit and not necessarily as a sole reason to use a seed treatment.
Often a combination of chemicals is present in seed treatments, which results in a broader spectrum of activity against both diseases and insects. Such combinations typically contain both an insecticide and one or more fungicides so control and/or suppression of aphids (and hence BYD), Hessian fly, wireworms, smuts and bunts, and seedling root rots is available in one treatment. However, other seed treatments contain only fungicides or only an insecticide. The emphasis is that if a seed treatment is used, be sure to carefully read the label to ensure that the treatment is intended (and labeled) for your desired goal, and that it is applied at a rate labeled for the desired activity. For more information on seed treatments, their intended uses and rates consult the “OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease, and Weed Control (OCES publication E-832),” and/or contact your county Extension educator.
Bob Hunger
Extension Wheat Pathologist
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Tom Royer
Extension Entomologist
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology
Jeff Edwards
Small Grains Extension Specialist
Department Plant and Soil Sciences
Kris Giles
Professor of Entomology
Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology