Color Patterns in Crossbred Beef Cattle
Crossbreeding provides commercial cattlemen the opportunity to combine desirable characteristics of two or more breeds (breed complementarity) and increase performance due to hybrid vigor (heterosis). The single strongest argument for crossbreeding is the advantage in fertility and longevity of crossbred cows. With all of the advantages crossbreeding provides, designing an effective mating system should be a top priority for all commercial cattlemen. To plan an effective crossbreeding system, it is helpful to consider any potential detractors that are easy to address. One such detractor exists due to market discrimination against certain breeds and/or colors and lack of uniformity in color. As we increase the number and diversity of breeds involved in crosses, we decrease our ability to maintain complete control of coat color in the offspring unless it was taken into account during breed selection. With that in mind, knowing the basics of coat color inheritance can help producers know what to expect from various breed/composite pairings relative to color pattern.
The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide guidance on how to maintain a uniform color pattern when formulating crossbreeding systems. In some breeds and breed crosses, the color is highly predictable; however, in some other breeds and breed crosses, color is less predictable. A working knowledge of the inheritance of coat color will aid in planning for the color pattern to expect among calves when crossing breeds. This can be very important for evaluating marketing options either at weaning when forming large group lots or on the rail when targeting specific branded beef programs.
Many breeds of beef cattle have a fixed color pattern for that breed because selection has been placed on the color to maintain these characteristics. For example, all Hereford cattle have a red body color with a white face, all Charolais are white, and all Red Poll are red. However, other breeds may have more than one basic body color such as red or black Limousin or Simmental, and white, red or roan Shorthorn. Still other breeds have multiple colors with more unpredictable inheritance patterns, such as spotting, brindling or stripes in Longhorn and Beefmasters. Some color modifiers under genetic control have been selected against in many breeds (unless they are a feature of color in the breed, such as in Charolais or Hereford) and these features, such as “diluters” and blaze faces, are much less common than in the past, which makes the process of managing color in crossbreeding systems much easier.
Table 1 shows several common breeds of beef cattle and the predominant color pattern
that is most commonly associated with each breed. Recently, some breeds with unique
color attributes such as spots, blaze faces and diluter genes have selected against
these traits to increase favorable perceptions by terminal buyers. Other breeds that
were traditionally red have selected heavily for black coat color and are listed in
Table 1 as both black and red. Introgression of other breeds (specifically Angus)
into some of the Continental breeds has altered the traditional color pattern of some
of these breeds. Color patterns likely to result from specific crosses are detailed
in Table 2.
Table 1. Basic body colors of common cattle breeds.
| Black Only | Red Only | Red and Black | White or Cream | Light hair with dark pgmented skin | Spotted | Mixed Colors and/or Roand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angus | Hereford | Balancer | Charolais | Brahman | Belted Galloway | Beefmaster |
| Brangus | Lincoln Red | Gelbvieh | Braunvieh | Holstein | Bradford | |
| Chiangus | Red Angus | Limousin | Brown Swiss | Longhorn | ||
| Red Poll | Lim-Flex | Jersey | Maine-Anjou | |||
| Santa Gertrudis | Simmental | Nellore | Shorthorn | |||
| Salers | ||||||
| SimAngus |
Table 2. Color pattern expected in progency resulting from the matings of bulls and cows of various colors.
| Sire/Dam | Black | Red | White | Light hair with dark skin | Spotted | Mixed Colors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | Black (or red if both carries) | Black or Red | Gray or Roan | Black-some brindling | Black-can be spotted | Mostly Black |
| Red | Red | Red or Roan (cream if Charolais) | Red-some brindling | Red or Black, can be spotted | Red to mixed | |
| White | White or Cream | White to gray | Spotted to white | Mixed | ||
| Light Hair, Dark Skin | Light hair, dark skin to gray | Gray-can be spotted | Mixed | |||
| Spotted | Spotted | Mixed | ||||
| Mixed Color | Mixed |
When you have crossbred cows, predicting color in the offspring can be more difficult, but it helps to understand how color is inherited. All cattle basically possess one of three basic colors: black, red or white. Black is dominant to red, and both black and red are co-dominant with white. One black or red allele with a white allele would result in either a black or red roan animal. In order for an animal to be red or white, they must have two alleles for either red or white, respectively. There is another set of alleles that controls the dilution, or intensity, of that color. Dilution causes black to be muted to gray and red to be muted to yellow. As an example, Charolais cattle are red, but possess two alleles for dilution, which results in white coat color (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994163/). This is why Charolais x Angus cattle are gray (diluted black). A very thorough discussion of coat color in cattle, including its many variations (Table 3) can be found at (http://simmental.org/site/pdf/other/olsoncolor.pdf).
In a typical sale barn market, cattle are sold with little, if any, information made available about breed or performance. Many buyers will estimate performance (growth, carcass characteristics, etc.) in relation to the reputation of the breed; thus, they may look for signs that indicate a certain breed or breeds within crossbred cattle. Other buyers may be looking to source animals that qualify for black- or red-hided branded beef programs and are willing to pay a premium for these types of calves. Some breeds are prone to producing calves that have certain distinguished color markings, such as white-faces, brindling or white stockings on their legs.
Table 3. Description of known coat color patterns in cattle (adapted from Olson 1999).
| Color or color modifier | Allele | Inheritance | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic color (Extension) | Black (ED) Wild-type (E+) Red (e) |
ED>E+>e | Responsible for most coat color variation, wild-type is a brownish black sometimes observed in Brown Swiss, Jersey, Brahman, and Longhorn, other coat colors are modifications of these three basic colors |
| Brindle | Br | Dominant to no brindling | Brindling is alternating stripes of black and red pigmentation, animals must be homozygous wild-type to observe brindling |
| Agouti | Patterned blackish wild-type modifier (Apb) White-bellied modifier (aw) Fawn/dorsal stripe (ai) | Incompletely understood | These alleles are typically responsible for removal of either black or red color or both in specific areas of the body, such as along the underline or back |
| Dilution | Charolais (Dc) Simmental (Ds) Dun (Dn) |
Charolais almost completely dominant, Simmental incompletely dominant to normal coloring | Charolais dilution is strong leading to light gray, cream, or white animals, Simmental dilution (also found in Gelbvieh, Longhorn and others) is moderate dilution of red and black, and dun is strong removal of red pigment and reduced removal of black pigment |
| Spotting | Hereford pattern (SH) Pinzgauer pattern (SP) Piebald (s) |
SH=> SP >S+>s | SH is Hereford pattern at five points when homozygous (white face only when heterozygous with non-spotting), Pinzgauer is variable white along topline and underline, piebald is irregular areas of pigment and extremities are usually white |
| Roan | R | Codominant with normal coloring | Homozygotes are almost completely white and heterozygotes are roan (red or black and white are codominantly expressed) |
| Belting | Bt | Codominant with normal coloring | White belting around midsection |
| Blaze | Bl | Dominant | White face, often only a blaze when heterozygous |
| Brockling | Bc | Ares of pigmentation within areas of white spotting produced from other modifiers | |
| Color-sided | Cs | Partially dominant | Homozygotes will have white body with pigmented ears, muzzle and feet (such as White Park) and heterozygotes show color-sided pattern with white dorsal stripe (can be roan) and roan on head |
Some general rules can be utilized to give the greatest chance of obtaining uniformly-colored groups of calves. Because red is recessive to black coat color, breeding solid red cows and bulls will produce solid red calves, which makes solid red an easy color to maintain in a crossbreeding system. However, because black is dominant to red, breeding solid black bulls and cows will often produce black calves, but may also yield red calves. To ensure a solid black calf crop, breed solid colored females (without diluter genes) to a homozygous black bull. If black baldy calves are desirable, use of Hereford bulls on black cows (or black bulls on Hereford cows) will yield the desired effect. If color extremes in the cowherd are a major concern, they can be masked by breeding through several generations to Charolais bulls.
In today’s market, where marketing branded beef is advantageous, knowledge of coat color inheritance is essential. Even with traditional marketing systems, uniformity in coat color can often provide premiums/discounts in the market place. Therefore, knowing the basics of color inheritance will help in planning crossbreeding systems that create animals suitable for desired marketing niches or branded programs.
Megan Rolf
Former Assistant Professor